The decentralised nature of paganism and sheer number of solitary practitioners further complicates matters. [120], Some Unitarian Universalists are eclectic pagans. Hanegraaff suggested that whereas various forms of contemporary paganism were not part of the New Age movement particularly those who pre-dated the movement other pagan religions and practices could be identified as New Age. It was organised by two British religious studies scholars, Graham Harvey and Charlotte Hardman. These open, unstructured or loosely structured traditions contrast with British Traditional Wicca, which emphasizes secrecy and initiatory lineage. She went on to put forward the idea that this typically confirmed "some original, private experience, so that the most common experience of those who have named themselves pagan is something like 'I finally found a group that has the same religious perceptions I always had'". [61] This has been interpreted in two distinct ways among the pagan community. Census figures in Ireland do not provide a breakdown of religions outside of the major Christian denominations and other major world religions. Strmiska also suggests that this division could be seen as being based on "discourses of identity", with reconstructionists emphasizing a deep-rooted sense of place and people, and eclectics embracing a universality and openness toward humanity and the Earth. [70] In Wicca, a Wheel of the Year has been developed which typically involves eight seasonal festivals. At least three residents of the city have formally complained over the plan to place the sculpture, one of five pieces of art funded by the government with a . The Australian academic and practising pagan Caroline Jane Tully argues that many pagans can react negatively to new scholarship regarding historical pre-Christian societies, believing that it is a threat to the structure of their beliefs and to their "sense of identity". [22] Other terms some pagans favor include "traditional religion", "indigenous religion", "nativist religion", and "reconstructionism". These figures were not released as a matter of course by the Office for National Statistics, but were released after an application by the Pagan Federation of Scotland. . [71] The prominent Reclaiming priestess Starhawk related that a core part of goddess-centred pagan witchcraft was "the understanding that all being is interrelated, that we are all linked with the cosmos as parts of one living organism. This includes animism, nature religion, Druidism, pantheism, and Wicca/Witchcraft. While the pagan community has tremendous variety in political views spanning the whole of the political spectrum, environmentalism is often a common feature. Rowman Altamira. When she eventually came across the Wiccan religion many years later, she then found that it confirmed her earlier childhood experiences, and that "I never converted in the accepted sense. Many neopagans adhere to the definition of magic provided by Aleister Crowley, the founder of Thelema: "the Science and Art of causing change to occur in conformity with Will". Renaissance and revival History of modern Paganism Contemporary Paganism is the restoration of indigenous religion, especially that of ancient Europe. Today, we'll discuss a fascinating phenomenon that stretches back thousands of years, What if the Catholic World. $17.85 - $52.94 32 Used from $3.00 12 New from $44.68 1 Collectible from $37.00. [135], In the 2011 Australian census, 32083 respondents identified as pagan. [3] Scholars of religion may characterise these traditions as new religious movements. ", Religious studies scholar Michael Strmiska[93], The rise of modern paganism was aided by the decline in Christianity throughout many parts of Europe and North America,[91] as well as by the concomitant decline in enforced religious conformity and greater freedom of religion that developed, allowing people to explore a wider range of spiritual options and form religious organisations that could operate free from legal persecution.[94]. Pagan religions commonly exhibit a metaphysical concept of an underlying order that pervades the universe, such as the concept of harmonia embraced by Hellenists and that of Wyrd found in Heathenry. [85] Among those who believe in it, there are a variety of different views about what magic is. Pagan Definition. Here is a short list encompassing all European countries. [4], Various pagans who are active in pagan studies, such as Michael York and Prudence Jones, have argued that, due to similarities in their worldviews, the modern pagan movement can be treated as part of the same global phenomenon as pre-Christian Ancient religions, living Indigenous religions, and world religions like Hinduism, Shinto, and Afro-American religions. Europe is extremely rich in festivals and holidays, be them Christian, pagan or non-religious. [160], "Neopagan practices highlight the centrality of the relationship between humans and nature and reinvent religions of the past, while New Agers are more interested in transforming individual consciousness and shaping the future. Contemporary paganism has sometimes been associated with the New Age movement, with scholars highlighting both their similarities and differences. Religio Romana is a modern Pagan reconstructionist religion based upon the ancient faith of pre-Christian Rome. [177], The first international academic conference on the subject of pagan studies was held at the University of Newcastle upon Tyne, North-East England in 1993. "[172] Further, there is a common belief in the pagan community that Christianity and paganism are opposing belief systems. Hellenic, Roman, Kemetic, Celtic, Germanic, Guanche, Baltic and Slavic reconstructionists aim to preserve and revive the practices and beliefs of Ancient Greece, Ancient Rome, Ancient Egypt, the Celts, the Germanic peoples, the Guanche people, the Balts and the Slavs, respectively. Pagan; Paganism: . In this article, the author surveys the history of Neo-Paganism from the Romantic movement to the 20th-century revival of Witchcraft, Druidism, Asatru and other forms of Pagan religion. For the last several centuries, Europe and America have become increasingly secular as pre-Christian ideas and traditions have gained acceptance. This usage has been common since the pagan revival in the 1970s. The Mari native religion in fact has a continuous existence, but has co-existed with Orthodox Christianity for centuries, and experienced a renewal after the fall of the Soviet Union. [172] Some pagans have claimed that Christian authorities have never apologized for the religious displacement of Europe's pre-Christian belief systems, particularly following the Roman Catholic Church's apology for past anti-semitism in its A Reflection on the Shoah. and used standard models for extrapolating likely numbers. "[155][156], Transgender existence and acceptability is especially controversial in many neopagan sects. To say it another way, modern Paganism is one of the happy stepchildren of modern multiculturalism and social pluralism. Before the 20th century, Christian institutions regularly used paganism as a term for everything outside of Christianity, Judaism andfrom the 18th centuryIslam. [91], The Romantic movement of the 18th century led to the re-discovery of Old Gaelic and Old Norse literature and poetry. European. [lower-Greek 1][lower-Greek 2][bettersourceneeded], The United States government does not directly collect religious information. As a result such information is provided by religious institutions and other third-party statistical organisations. The Moravian revival in 1727 had a deep impact on John Wesley, who led the 18th-century revival in the Church of England that gave birth to Methodism. Obviously a complete revival is probably impossible but are small scale ones possible?. Heathenry is spread out across northwestern Europe, North America and Australasia, where the descendants of historic Germanic-speaking people now live. [] By the mid-1930s "neopagan" was being applied to new religious movements like Jakob Wilhelm Hauer's German Faith Movement and Jan Stachniuk's Polish Zadruga, usually by outsiders and often pejoratively. [7] Even within the academic field of pagan studies, there is no consensus about how contemporary paganism can best be defined. The 2011 census however made it possible to describe oneself as pagan-Wiccan, pagan-Druid and so on. Oh, and there's nothing Pagan in "Harry Potter." The only religion even implied in any of the HP books is Christianity. Religious studies scholar Sarah Pike asserted that in the United States, there was a "significant overlap" between modern paganism and New Age,[163] while Aidan A. Kelly stated that paganism "parallels the New Age movement in some ways, differs sharply from it in others, and overlaps it in some minor ways". The Celtic revival in Ireland is an example of a: a. revivalistic movement. The fracturing of Christians in western Europe into different groups led to conflicts, sometimes called the "wars of religion," that lasted for centuries in Europe. [lower-Greek 3] Based on the most recent survey by the Pew Forum on religion, there are over one million pagans in the United States. (, Davy, Barbara Jane (2007) "Introduction to pagan studies". Reconstructing the Pagan Mind in Seventeenth-Century Europe (I.3) - The Kingdom of Darkness I.3 - Reconstructing the Pagan Mind in Seventeenth-Century Europe A Historico-Philosophical Critique of Pure Reason from Part I - Giving Up Philosophy Published online by Cambridge University Press: 23 March 2022 Dmitri Levitin Chapter Get access Share Cite Prior to the spread of the 20th-century neopagan movements, a notable instance of self-identified paganism was in Sioux writer Zitkala-sa's essay "Why I Am A Pagan". [37] Some such groups feel a particular affinity for the pre-Christian belief systems of a particular region with which they have no ethnic link because they see themselves as reincarnations of people from that society. [59], Religious studies scholar Graham Harvey noted that the poem "Charge of the Goddess" remains central to the liturgy of most Wiccan groups. Pagan beliefs have survived alongside Christianity. At one end is reconstructionism, which seeks to revive historical pagan religions; examples are Heathenry (Germanic), Rodnovery (Slavic), and Hellenism (Greek). Common pagan devotional practices have thus been compared to similar practices in Hinduism, Buddhism, Shinto, Roman Catholicism, and Orthodox Christianity, but contrasted with that in Protestantism, Judaism, and Islam. Although animal sacrifice was a common part of pre-Christian ritual in Europe, it is rarely practiced in contemporary paganism. [136] Up to 0.4% of respondents answered "pagan" or "Wiccan" when polled. From its beginning, thanks to Christensen, this revival had a National Socialist component, but Gardell gives attention to others who helped create what he dubs "Aryan revolutionary paganism," including Wyatt Kaldenberg, "Jost" Turner, and Wotansvolk, created in 1995 by David and Katja Lane and Ron McVan. Swarup reached out to modern pagans in the West and also had an influence on Western converts to Hinduism or pro-Hindu activists, notably David Frawley and Koenraad Elst, who both have described Hinduism as a form of paganism. ", Religious studies scholar Michael Strmiska[43], Another division within modern paganism rests on differing attitudes to the source material surrounding pre-Christian belief systems. Read reviews and buy The Druid Revival Reader - by John Michael Greer (Paperback) at Target. [88] The Western attitude to paganism gradually changed during the early modern period. Historian Ronald Hutton has argued that many of the motifs of 20th century neo-paganism may be traced back to the utopian, mystical counter-cultures of the late-Victorian and Edwardian periods (also extending in some instances into the 1920s), via the works of amateur folklorists, popular authors, poets, political radicals and alternative lifestylers. Jonas, along with his son-in-law Artras Sinkeviius, opened the program by singing a Lithuanian . [82] Common pagan festivals include those marking the summer solstice and winter solstice as well as the start of spring and the harvest. Who were the last pagans in Europe? Adonism largely died out in the 1930s, but remained an influence on the German occult scene. ", Religious studies scholar Sarah Pike. Paganism has grown in popularity greatly. [19] To avoid causing offense, many scholars in the English-speaking world have begun using the prefixes "modern" or "contemporary" rather than "neo". Neo-Druidry is the second-largest pagan path after Wicca,[citation needed] and shows similar heterogeneity. Since the 1990s, many Russians have rediscovered religion, including Orthodox Christianity, Islam, Judaism, Buddhism, and Slavic Paganism. They frequently associated paganism with idolatry, magic and a general concept of "false religion", which for example has made Catholics and Protestants accuse each other of being pagans. Irish paganism is often strongly concerned with issues of place and language. Here is an article about the pagan revival: Unlike in western Europe, paganism among the Mari constitutes an unbroken tradition rather than a New Age construction. [87] Various folk beliefs have periodically been labeled as pagan and churches have demanded that they should be purged. There is "considerable disagreement as to the precise definition and proper usage" of the term modern paganism. Many such pagans aim for an explicitly ecocentric practice, which may overlap with scientific pantheism. [62] These deities are typically depicted in human form, and are viewed as having human faults. "[142], Folklorist Sabina Magliocco supported this idea, noting that a great many of those Californian pagans whom she interviewed claimed that they had been greatly interested in mythology and folklore as children, imagining a world of "enchanted nature and magical transformations, filled with lords and ladies, witches and wizards, and humble but often wise peasants". In the 1970s, Wicca was notably influenced by feminism, leading to the creation of an eclectic, Goddess-worshipping movement known as Dianic Wicca. The Revival of the European Pagan Religions - Parliament of the World's Religions The Revival of the European Pagan Religions March 31, 2015 by Andras Corban-Arthen This article was originally published on August 31, 2010 by Earth Spirit Voices. [] The overall numbers of people self-reporting as pagan rose between 2001 and 2011. [85], Among those who practice magic are Wiccans, those who identify as neopagan witches, and practitioners of some forms of revivalist neo-Druidism, the rituals of which are at least partially based upon those of ceremonial magic and freemasonry. [36] Some critics have described this approach as a form of racism. [71] For pagans, pantheism means that "divinity is inseparable from nature and that deity is immanent in nature". Most of what is considered Christian Europe is actually pagan Europe . [143] Further support for Adler's idea came from American Wiccan priestess Judy Harrow, who noted that among her comrades, there was a feeling that "you don't become pagan, you discover that you always were". I am somewhat under the impression that paganism, as practiced in Europe, tends to often have a more ethnocentric bend to it because in Europe various pagan sects could be seen as "indigenous" religions. [45] Reconstructionists do not altogether reject innovation in their interpretation and adaptation of the source material, however they do believe that the source material conveys greater authenticity and thus should be emphasized. [96], The 1960s and 1970s saw a resurgence in neo-Druidism as well as the rise of Germanic neopaganism in the United States and in Iceland. [23] This approach has been received critically by many specialists in religious studies. [1] Strmiska described paganism as a movement "dedicated to reviving the polytheistic, nature-worshipping pagan religions of pre-Christian Europe and adapting them for the use of people in modern societies. Among modern Pagans, there are two approaches to reviving pagan practices. This is connected with a belief in either pantheism or panentheism. Acceptance. Since traditional religion is declining I don't see it not spreading. The PRC has also begun to report on Pagan identity. Why is Paganism and other Occult beliefs booming in Europe, America and beyond? Studies in Contemporary European Paganism (2012) 2012 Adam Anczyk. [82] [48] Concern has also been expressed regarding the utility of the term "reconstructionism" when dealing with paganisms in Central and Eastern Europe, because in many of the languages of these regions, equivalents of the term "reconstructionism" such as the Czech Historick rekonstrukce and Lithuanian Istorin rekonstrukcija are already used to define the secular hobby of historical re-enactment. With the growth and spread of large, pagan gatherings and festivals in the 1980s, public varieties of Wicca continued to further diversify into additional, eclectic sub-denominations, often heavily influenced by the New Age and counter-culture movements. In Soviet Russia, all religion was banned. [47], Strmiska nevertheless notes that this reconstructionist-eclectic division is "neither as absolute nor as straightforward as it might appear". As a result, pagans believe the essence of their spirituality is both ancient and timeless, regardless of the age of specific religious movements. Choose from Same Day Delivery, Drive Up or Order Pickup. [140] Respondents were given the option to select one or more religious affiliations. of human rights inhibited the faithful from living in accordance with their beliefs and indeed would lead to a neo-pagan revival. The Pew Research Center(PRC) has as one of its core areas of interest, "Religion and Public Life." It provides extensive reportage on this decline in Christian identity. [44] Eclectic pagans, conversely, seek general inspiration from the pre-Christian past, and do not attempt to recreate past rites or traditions with specific attention to detail. The Witchcraze was a Neo-Pagan movement in 19th century Europe that attempted to rehabilitate healers and midwives. [168], Because of their common links to the Proto-Indo-European culture, many adherents of modern paganism have come to regard Hinduism as a spiritual relative. The revival of Pagan practices may be one of its consequences. [65] [78], Pagan ritual can take place in both a public and private setting. Vote 1 1 comment sorted by Best As a result, fairly detailed breakdowns of pagan respondents are available. [] This is more than many well known traditions such as Rastafarian, Bah and Zoroastrian groups, but fewer than the big six of Christianity, Islam, Hinduism, Sikhism, Judaism and Buddhism. Many pagans have expressed criticism of the high fees charged by New Age teachers, something not typically present in the pagan movement. Is a Pagan revival possible in Europe? Although they share similarities, contemporary pagan movements are diverse, and do not share a single set of beliefs, practices, or . [104] While potentially considered a peculiar form of Tengrism, a related revivalist movement of Central Asian traditional religion, Vattisen Yaly (Chuvash: , Tradition of the Old) differs significantly: the Chuvash being a heavily Fennicised and Slavified ethnicity and having had exchanges also with other Indo-European ethnicities,[105] their religion shows many similarities with Finnic and Slavic paganisms; moreover, the revival of Vattisen Yaly in recent decades has occurred following neopagan patterns. The Contemporary Pagan Revival in Montreal At the Turn of the . In 1964 Ross Nichols established the Order of Bards, Ovates and Druids. [130] The percentage of pagans among the Mari of Bashkortostan and the eastern part of Tatarstan is even higher (up to 69% among women). [19] In this, he compared it to the gay liberation movement's reappropriation of the term "queer", which had formerly been used only as a term of homophobic abuse. Although they share similarities, contemporary pagan movements are diverse, and do not share a single set of beliefs, practices, or texts. For other uses, see, Naturalism, ecocentrism, and secular paths, "The very persons who would most writhe and wail at their surroundings if transported back into early Greece, would, I think, be the neo-pagans and Hellas worshipers of today." Goddess Spirituality revolves around the sacredness of the female form, and of aspects of women's lives that adherents say have been traditionally neglected in Western society, such as menstruation, sexuality, and maternity.[112]. The ECER has made efforts to establish mutual support with Hindu groups, as has the Lithuanian Romuva movement. [98] [70], A key part of most pagan worldviews is the holistic concept of a universe that is interconnected. Europe is in the midst of a pagan revival. [55] Strmiska stresses that modern paganism is a "new", "modern" religious movement, even if some of its content derives from ancient sources. Capitalizing the word, they argue, makes "Paganism" appear as the name of a cohesive religion rather than a generic religious category, and comes off as naive, dishonest or as an unwelcome attempt to disrupt the spontaneity and vernacular quality of the movement. Originally used by Roman Christians to describe polytheists, it grew in Medieval Europe to describe anyone other than a Christian or indeed the "right sort" of Christian including Jews and Muslims, despite their monotheism. [57] Most pagans adopt an ethos of "unity in diversity" regarding their religious beliefs. Polytheism, animism, and pantheism are common features of pagan theology. The up-to-date handbook introduces you to a breadth of Pagan traditions and core beliefswelcoming you to this inclusive movement with a myriad of ways to deepen your personal spirituality. Increasing academic interest in paganism has been attributed to the new religious movement's increasing public visibility, as it began interacting with the interfaith movement and holding large public celebrations at sites like Stonehenge. [19] He suggests that part of the term's appeal lay in the fact that a large proportion of pagan converts were raised in Christian families, and that by embracing the term "pagan", a word long used for what was "rejected and reviled by Christian authorities", a convert summarizes "in a single word his or her definitive break" from Christianity. Mari anthropologist Nikandr Popov points out that pagan prayer meetings were permitted by decree during the Second World War - with collections being made for the front - and . [169], In India, a prominent figure who made similar efforts was the Hindu revivalist Ram Swarup, who pointed out parallels between Hinduism and European and Arabic paganism. Part of the reason Theodosius declared his son Western Emperor while Eugenius was still on the throne was because he was distressed by this pagan revival. She furthermore argues that some of those dissatisfied pagans lashed out against academics as a result, particularly on the Internet. In Melbourne, Jonas and I offered a presentation together, entitled "The Revival of the European Indigenous Pagan Religions," which was meant to address some of the various key elements in the survival of Indigenous European spirituality. [100], In contrast to the eclectic traditions, Polytheistic Reconstructionists practice culturally specific ethnic traditions based on folklore, songs and prayers, as well as reconstructions from the historical record. [82], The belief in magical rituals and spells is held by a "significant number" of contemporary pagans. pages 111130 in Olivia Cosgrove et al. [84] Nevertheless, common to almost all pagan religions is an emphasis on an agricultural cycle and respect for the dead. [145], Many pagans in North America encounter the movement through their involvement in other hobbies; particularly popular with US pagans are "golden age"-type pastimes such as the Society for Creative Anachronism (SCA), Star Trek fandom, Doctor Who fandom and comic book fandom. Their religious rituals are characterized by harmonious devotion to . [165] This female-only, radical feminist variant of Wicca allows cisgender lesbians but not transgender women. [48] Similarly, while examining neo-shamanism among the Sami people of Northern Scandinavia, Siv Ellen Kraft highlights that despite the religion being reconstructionist in intent, it is highly eclectic in the manner in which it has adopted elements from shamanic traditions in other parts of the world. [24] Critics have pointed out that such claims would cause problems for analytic scholarship by lumping together belief systems with very significant differences, and that the term would serve modern pagan interests by making the movement appear far larger on the world stage. [30], The term "neo-pagan" was coined in the 19th century in reference to Renaissance and Romanticist Hellenophile classical revivalism. From the high Medieval period (950-1350) her story takes the reader through to the renaissance and the reformation, the great witch hunts (1480-1650), the age of reason and science to the principle romantic revival movements of the 19th century; the Druidic revival at Primrose Hill in London in 1792, the romantic notions of Edward Carpenter . Aby Warburgbibliophile, scholar, library founderhas become known as one of the most original and brilliant art historians of the twentieth century. Europe Leaves Christianity for 'Paganism' LONDON and DUBLIN - Martyr's Free Church in Edinburgh is part of the rich history of Christianity in Scotland. The Pomegranate: The International Journal of Pagan Studies was edited by Clifton, while the academic publishers AltaMira Press began release of the Pagan Studies Series. Answer (1 of 2): Nope. Adherents look for elements of this human history in "theological, anthropological, archaeological, historical, folkloric and hagiographic writings".[118]. Norse literature and poetry although animal sacrifice was a common belief in either pantheism or panentheism small. Hagiographic writings '' ones possible? beliefs have periodically been labeled as pagan rose between 2001 and 2011 deity immanent. High fees charged by New Age teachers, something not typically present in the century! Might appear '' fees charged by New Age movement, with scholars highlighting both similarities... 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